The Democratic Peace Theory: This political science theory suggests that democratic nations are highly unlikely to go to war with one another. Scholars attribute this to shared values, institutional checks and balances, and public accountability.

Economic Inclusivity: Economists like Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson argue that inclusive political institutions empower individuals, protect property rights, and foster innovation, which drives sustainable economic growth.

Public Accountability: Because democratic leaders rely on popular support to remain in power, they face strong incentives to invest in public goods like education, infrastructure, and healthcare.

Centralised Power and Stagnation: When decision-making is concentrated in a single leader or small ruling elite, the lack of dissent can lead to poor economic planning, corruption, and the suppression of innovative ideas.

Diversionary Foreign Policy: Some political theories suggest that authoritarian leaders facing domestic economic trouble or political unrest may resort to aggressive foreign policy or external conflicts to unite the population and legitimise their rule.

Resource Misallocation: Autocratic regimes often prioritise spending on internal security and the military to maintain control over a disempowered populace, rather than investing in broader social prosperity.

Democratic External Conflicts: While democracies rarely fight each other, historical evidence shows they frequently engage in military interventions and conflicts with non-democratic states.

Authoritarian Growth Phases: Certain non-democratic nations have achieved rapid economic expansion over specific periods through highly centralised state-directed capitalism, though scholars debate the long-term sustainability of this model.